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    Since its inception, the share market has always attracted investors from different walks of life. There are daily stock traders and long-term traders who invest systematically in the stock market. Today, there are many digital apps available through which investing in stocks has become easy and therefore, there is a steep rise in stock trading. So, to keep track of shares being traded, a share certificate is issued.

    A share certificate in the dynamic world of finance plays a significant role. As a novice who is just beginning their stock market investment journey or as a seasoned investor, what share certificates entail is very crucial. In this blog, we will help you understand the intricacies of a share certificate, its meaning, why it is important for every investor, and its role in the Indian stock market landscape.

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    Key takeaways

    • Share certificates are documents issued by companies selling shares, serving as proof of ownership.
    • Shareholders receive these certificates upon purchase, indicating ownership of a specified number of shares.
    • Physical share certificates are increasingly rare, with digital records or share certificate online is now commonly used in modern finance.
    • Duplicate stock certificates can be issued for damaged, lost, or stolen share certificates, reflecting the same number of shares.
    • In cases of loss or theft, shareholders should promptly notify the transfer agent to request a "stop transfer, file an FIR, and apply for a duplicate share certificate
    • Tax implications for transferring share certificates, whether physical or electronic, remain consistent, regardless of the reason for transfer

    Also read: Surviving Member Certificate

    What is share certificate?

    To answer what is share certificate is simple. A share certificate meaning is a physical document attested by the Company or firm that issues it. It acts as a legal document or proof of ownership indicating the number of shares purchased. A share certificate is also known as a stock certificate.

    When a Company issues stocks in the market, investors buying these shares are issued a share certificate or a stock certificate. In short, this stock certificate is a purchase receipt for you confirming registered ownership of shares and shows the date of registration.

    Share certificate meaning: Understanding its components

    Simplifying share certificate meaning

    When you purchase any item, as you pay its bill amount you become its owner. However, as per law, you will need to show the receipt which has the details of the purchase to prove that you are the owner. Similarly, when you invest in shares, a share certificate is issued to you which has all the intricate details of this purchase.

    Components of a share certificate

    As an investor, you need to understand what are the components of this certificate. These include the following:

    • Share certificate number or folio number
    • Name of the shareholder (you)
    • The number of shares bought by the shareholder (you)
    • The amount at which shares were purchased
    • Name of the Company and registration number
    • Company’s registered office address
    • Company’s Corporate Identification Number or CIN
    • Name and address of shareholder (you)
    • The class of shares
    • Date on which the shares were issued

    When do you get a share certificate from the company?

    As per the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), companies registered in India are required to issue a share certificate within 60-days or two months of their incorporation. If a company issues additional shares to existing or new shareholders, a share certificate or a stock certificate must be issued within two months from the date of allotment of shares. In case you wish to transfer shares, the company is required to issue the share certificate to the transferee within a month or 30-days.

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    Decoding SEBI guidelines for issuing share certificate

    Companies must follow strict regulations set by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) for issuing shares or stock certificates. Here are a few of these guidelines:

    1) Use of security marks

    When a company issues share certificates, they must use or add security marks on the certificate to distinguish and prevent the use of fake certificates.

    2) Size of share certificate

    You should be aware that your share certificate has to be of a certain size that is approved.

    3) Type of paper

    A share certificate is printed on an approved security paper.

    4) Type of dispatch

    When a share certificate is ready for dispatch, it will be sent by Indian speed post or registered post, in electronic mode, or via an approved courier service.

    5) KYC verification

    If as a shareholder your address and signature are a mismatch then the Registrar and Transfer Agent (RTA) or the Company issuing the share certificate, has to do a KYC verification before any details are shared.

    6) Seizing of duplicate share certificates

    If a duplicate share or stock certificate is issued, the RTA or the company should detect and seize it, then deface and dispose of it as authorised by the company board.

    Also read: EBC Certificate - A Comprehensive Guide

    Process of issuing stock certificates

    A stock certificate is an important document as it is a crucial part of the investment process. The Company that issues you this share certificate ensures complete care when issuing this certificate. Every company follows a detailed procedure such as:

    a) Allotting shares

    In this step, the company allots shares to shareholders. A board meeting is called to decide the possibility of allotting shares by setting up an allotment committee. This committee then prepares a report which is approved by the board.

    Once the report is approved, a resolution is passed to allot shares to the applicants. Once allotted to the applicants, letters of allotment are sent out by the company secretary. This letter contains all the details of the shares allotted. It is a temporary share certificate until the final one is issued.

    b) Registered members list

    After the letter of allotment is issued and sent, the company secretary creates a registered members list. This list contains detailed information about share allotment and the respective shareholders. Once you receive the letter of allotment, you become a part of the registered members list.

    c) Preparing share certificates

    After the letter of allotment is issued and sent, the company secretary creates a registered members list. This list contains detailed information about share allotment and the respective shareholders. Once you receive the letter of allotment, you become a part of the registered members list.

    d) Intimating shareholders and dispatch

    In this step, a form for share certificates is prepared as per the suggestions in the Articles of Association. The company secretary arranges to have these forms printed and fills in all the necessary information in the share certificate based on the application register and allotment sheets.

    After this step, the share certificate must be signed by two directors of the company and the company secretary. The company's seal and revenue stamp are then affixed to the share certificate. Once the share certificates are ready, a board meeting is called to pass the resolution to issue the final share certificates.

    Also read: Legal Heir Certificate

    Share certificate: advantages and disadvantages

    As an investor, you should know the following advantages and disadvantages of a share certificate:

    Advantages

    • With the help of share certificates, genuine shareholders can be tracked. This helps in proper timely dividend distribution.
    • A share certificate acts as an entitlement of dividends for the shareholders. It can be of great help in your future financial planning.
    • It is a proof of your ownership for a number of shares of a company.

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    Disadvantages

    • Share certificates are transferable to other individuals. But if the company is not informed about the transfer, the transferee will not get their share of dividend.
    • Because companies have to keep a track of all transfers of share certificates, it often increases documentation work.
    • Share certificates, while important, acknowledge only the number of shares and not the liquidity of these shares.
    • Issuing share certificates is a tedious job, very time, and resource consuming, with additional costs to the company.

    Share certificate online

    Given that share certificates are a must-have for any investor, today, there is an option for acquiring share certificates online. The share certificate online are issued by the company whose shares are purchased by you but sent to you via email.

    The reason for opting for a share certificate online is simple – everything is digital today. A share certificate online is easy to download and can be stored safely in an email or on the investor’s device.

    Penalty for non-issuance of stock certificates

    As per the 2013 Companies Act, a company has to provide share certificate India within a said timeframe, i.e., 60 days since its incorporation. If they fail to do so, then they will be fined. More penalties will be levied in addition to the penalty amount

    Also read: Marriage Certificate - A Brief Overview

    Share certificate India: significant points to consider

    • Legal rights related to the stock is guaranteed by share certificate bearer.
    • Share certificate India is provided by the company either in bearer format or registered format.

    Duplicate share certificate India: How to get one?

    If, due to any misfortune, you lose your share certificate India, you need the take the following steps:

    • File an FIR as the nearest police station.
    • Ensure you get a copy of the FIR.
    • After the FIR, write an application to the company information them of the loss or theft.
    • In this application, attach the FIR copy.
    • An indemnity bond worth Rs. 200 is to be issued to the company declaring that you will bear the cost of the duplicate share certificate India.
    • The application may or may not be approved by the company’s board.
    • You will know within 15-days if your application is approved or rejected.
    • In case of theft or loss of share certificate, you will also need to inform the RTA.

    Also read: Succession Certificate

    Decoding the essence of share certificate

    You are now aware of what is share certificate, share certificate meaning, its advantages and disadvantages, and why a share certificate online is the best way to safeguard this important document.

    But you need to ensure you get your certificate from the company whose shares you have bought within the approved timeframe. You should also note that SEBI will penalise the company for the non-issuance of this certificate. The minimum fine amount starts at Rs. 25,000 and can go up to Rs. 5,00,000. Even officers who default can be penalised up to Rs. 1,00,000.

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    FAQS – FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

    • Is my share/stock certificate downloadable ?

      Yes, now you can download your share certificate online but only after getting a digital signature from right authority. Your share certificate online can be downloaded by logging into the company’s website.
    • Why are companies opting for issuing share certificate online or digital certificates ?

      Issuing share certificate online helps to simplify tracking and record keeping of genuine shareholders easily. Even the changes in the shareholding patterns, i.e., transfer, sale, etc. can be tracked easily. Digital certificates can be easily sent via email.
    • Who signs the share certificate India ?

      It is signed by two company directors. If there is only one director present, then the company secretary signs the certificate. If there is only director in the company then signatures of legal witnesses are required.
    • Certified vs Uncertified shares – what’s the difference ?

      When the awarded shares are documented via electronic or physical record, they are certified shared. Uncertified shares are distributed among investors in a physical book without any documentation.
    • What are the different types of share certificates ?

      There are mainly two types of share certificates – a bearer certificate and a registered share certificate. Under the bearer share certificate, all the rights of the stocks are provided to the shareholder. In a registered share certificate, the shareholder gets only title ownership.
    • What is share certificate and what does it contain ?

      It is physical or an online document that has all the information of the shares issued, the date of issuance, company details, shareholder details, etc.
    • Will I able to sell my share certificate ?

      Yes, you can sell your share certificate by transferring it to a fund and share account.
    • Is it mandatory for companies to issue a share certificate ?

      Yes, it is mandatory. If they delay or fail to issue a share certificate within the stipulated timeline, they will be penalized by SEBI.
    • What is stock certificate ?

      ‘What is stock certificate’ is a question that often arises among new investors. Actually, a share certificate is also known as a stock certificate. The share or stock certificate is a document that is a legal proof confirming that you own a certain number of shares of a company. It is issued by the company to all investors who buy their shares.

     

    DISCLAIMER

    The information contained herein is generic in nature and is meant for educational purposes only. Nothing here is to be construed as an investment or financial or taxation advice nor to be considered as an invitation or solicitation or advertisement for any financial product. Readers are advised to exercise discretion and should seek independent professional advice prior to making any investment decision in relation to any financial product. Aditya Birla Capital Group is not liable for any decision arising out of the use of this information.

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    You agree that Facilities Provider / ABC Companies has no liability, obligation or responsibility for any such correspondence, purchase or promotion between you and any other ABC Companies and/or third parties.

    Third party websites

    This Website may be linked to other websites (including those of ABC Companies) on the World Wide Web that are not under the control of or maintained by ABCL. Such links do not indicate any responsibility or endorsement on our part for the external website concerned, its contents or the links displayed on it. These links are provided only as a convenience, in order to help you find relevant websites, facilities and/or products that may be of interest to you, quickly and easily. It is your responsibility to decide whether any facilities and/or products available through any of these websites are suitable for your purposes. The Facilities Provider or ABCL is not responsible for the owners or operators of these websites or for any goods or facilities they supply or for the content of their websites and does not give or enter into any conditions, warranties or other terms or representations in relation to any of these or accept any liability in relation to any of these (including any liability arising out of any claim that the content of any external web site to which this web site includes a link infringes the intellectual property rights of any third party).

    USE of APP

    In case any facilities/services, access/dissemination of information or execution of transaction is done through use of any APP related to ABC Companies, the additional terms and conditions governing the Use of APP shall be applicable and to be read along these Terms of Use.

    Postings and monitoring

    The Facilities Provider or ABCL or ABC Companies does not routinely monitor your postings to the Website but reserves the right to do so if deemed necessary if it is related to the facilities offered on the web site and to comply with law. However, in our efforts to promote good citizenship within the internet community, if the Facilities Provider or ABCL or ABC Companies becomes aware of inappropriate use of the Website or any of its facilities, any information, opinions, advice or offers posted by any person or entity logged in to the Website or any of its associated sites is to be construed as public conversation only, and the Facilities Provider or ABC Companies shall not be liable or responsible for such public conversation. You agree that in such cases, we will respond in any way that, in our sole discretion, as deemed appropriate. You acknowledge that Facilities Provider or ABC Companies will have the right to report to law enforcement authorities any actions that may be considered illegal, as well as any information it receives of such illegal conduct. When requested, ABC Companies/Facilities Provider will co-operate fully with law enforcement agencies in any investigation of alleged illegal activity on the internet.

    Submissions and unauthorized use of any Materials contained on this Website may violate copyright laws, trademark laws, the laws of privacy and publicity, certain communications statutes and regulations and other applicable laws and regulations. You alone are responsible for your actions or the actions of any person using your user name and/or password. As such, you shall indemnify and hold Facilities Provider, ABCL / ABC Companies and its officers, directors, employees, affiliates, agents, licensors, and business partners harmless from and against any and all loss, costs, damages, liabilities, and expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred in relation to, arising from, or for the purpose of avoiding, any claim or demand from a third party that your use of the Website or the use of the Website by any person using your user name and/or password (including without limitation your participation in the posting areas or your submissions) violates any applicable law or regulation, or the rights of any third party.

    We reserve the right to terminate access to this Website at any time and without notice. Further this limited license terminates automatically, without notice to you, if you breach any of these Terms of Use. Upon termination, you must immediately destroy any downloaded and printed Materials.

    If you come across any breaches/violation or offensive material you must report to us at abc.secretarial@adityabirla.com

    Use of Cookies

    You agree and understand that the Website will automatically receive and collect certain anonymous information in standard usage logs through the Web server, including computer/computer resource-identification information obtained from "cookies" sent to your browser from a web server or other means as explained in the Privacy Policy.  

    Facilities Changes and Discontinuation

    The Website reserves the right to discontinue or suspend, temporarily or permanently, the facilities. You agree that the Facilities Provider/ ABC Companies will not be liable to you in any manner whatsoever for any modification or discontinuance of the facilities. The format and content of this Website may change at any time. We may suspend the operation of this Website for support or maintenance work, in order to update the content or for any other reason.

    ABCL, ABC Companies, and its directors, employees, associates, or other representatives shall not be liable for any damages or injury, arising out of or in connection with the use, or non-use including non-availability of the Website and also for any consequential loss or any damages caused because of non-performance of the system due to a computer virus, system failure, corruption of data, delay in operation or transmission, communication line failure, or any other reason whatsoever. The Website will not be responsible for any liability arising out of delay in providing any information on the Website.

    Compliance with the Law

    You agree that you will not:

    • Use any robot, spider, scraper, deep link or other similar automated data gathering or extraction tools, programme, algorithm or methodology to access, acquire, copy or monitor the Website, or any portion of the Website.
    • Use or attempt to use any engine, software, tool, agent, or other device or mechanism (including without limitation, browsers, spiders, robots, avatars or intelligent agents) to navigate or search the Website, other than the search engines generally available by third party web browsers
    • Post or transmit any file which contains viruses, worms, Trojan horses or any other contaminating or destructive features, or that otherwise interferes with the proper working of the Website or the facilities.
    • Attempt to decipher, decompile, disassemble, or reverse engineer any of the software, comprising or in any way making up a part of the Website or the facilities.
    • You agree not to use the facilities for illegal purposes or for the transmission of material that is unlawful, harassing, libelous (untrue and damaging to others), invasive of another's privacy, abusive, threatening, or obscene, or that infringes the rights of others.

    Restrictions on Commercial Use or Resale

    Your right to use the facilities is personal to you; therefore, you agree not to resell or make any commercial use of the facilities. In addition, the Website welcomes your feedback as a user of the facilities. Any feedback you provide will become the confidential and proprietary information of the Website, and you agree that the Website may use in any manner and without limitation, all comments, suggestions, complaints, and other feedback you provide relating to the Website. The Website shall have a worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, perpetual, and irrevocable right to use feedback for any purpose, including but not limited to incorporation of such feedback into the Website or other Website software or facilities.

    No Endorsements

    All product and facilities marks contained on or associated with the facilities that are not the Website marks are the trademarks of their respective owners. The Website would require you to respect the same. References to any such names, marks, products or facilities of third parties or hypertext links to third party sites or information does not imply the Website’s endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation of the third party, information, product or facilities.

    Promotional Offers

    You may receive from time to time, announcement about offers with intent to promote this Website and/or facilities/products of ABC Companies (“Promotional Offers”). The Promotional Offer(s) would always be governed by these Terms of Use plus certain additional terms and conditions, if any prescribed. The said additional terms and conditions, if prescribed, would be specific to the corresponding Promotional Offer only and shall prevail over these Terms of Use, to the extent they may be in conflict with these Terms of Use. The Website reserves the right to withdraw, discontinue, modify, extend and suspend the Promotional Offer(s) and the terms governing it, at its sole discretion.

    Charges for use of Website

    There are no charges or fees to be paid by you for use of this Website. However, you are responsible for all telephone access fees and/or internet service fees that may be assessed by your telephone and/or internet service provider. You further agree to pay additional charges, if any levied by Third Party Service Provider(s), for the facilities provided by them through the Website (Additional Charges).

    No Endorsement

    You are advised to be cautious when browsing on the internet and to use good judgment and discretion when obtaining information or transmitting information. From this Website, users may visit or be directed to third party web sites. The Website makes no effort to review the content of these web sites, nor is the Website or its licensors responsible for the validity, legality, copyright compliance, or decency of the content contained in these sites.

    In addition, the Website does not endorse or control the content of any other user and is not responsible or liable for any content, even though it could be unlawful, harassing, libelous, privacy invading, abusive, threatening, harmful, vulgar, obscene or otherwise objectionable, or that it infringes or may infringe upon the intellectual property or other rights of another. You acknowledge that the Website does not pre-screen content, but that the Website will have the right (but not the obligation) in their sole discretion to refuse, edit, move or remove any content that is available via the facilities.

    Electronic Communications

    These Terms of Use and any notices or other communications regarding the Facilities may be provided to you electronically, and you agree to receive communications from the Website in electronic form. Electronic communications may be posted on the Website and/or delivered to your registered email address, mobile phones etc either by Facilities Provider or ABC Companies with whom the services are availed. All communications in electronic format will be considered to be in "writing". Your consent to receive communications electronically is valid until you revoke your consent by notifying of your decision to do so. If you revoke your consent to receive communications electronically, the Facilities Provider shall have the right to terminate the facilities.

    Assignment

    You shall not assign your rights and obligations under this Agreement to any other party. The Website may assign or delegate its rights and/or obligations under this Agreement to any other party in future, directly or indirectly, or to an affiliated or group company.

    Legal Disclaimers

    The information provided on or through the Website is for general guidance and information purposes only and they do not in any manner indicate any assurance or opinion of any manner whatsoever. Any information may be prone to shortcomings, defects or inaccuracies due to technical reasons. Certain information on Website may be on the basis of our own appraisal of the applicable facts, law and regulations in force at the date hereof.

    The information (and opinions, if any) contained on the Website may have been obtained from public sources believed to be reliable and numerous factors may affect the information provided, which may or may not have been taken into account. The information provided may therefore vary (significantly) from information obtained from other sources or other market participants. Any reference to past performance in the information should not be taken as an indication of future performance. The information is dependent on various assumptions, individual preferences and other factors and thus, results or analyses cannot be construed to be entirely accurate and may not be suitable for all categories of users. Hence, they should not be solely relied on when making investment decisions. Your investment or financial decision shall always be at your own discretion and based on your independent research; and nothing contained on the Website or in any information would construe ABCL/ABC Companies or any of its employees/authorized representative as having been in any way involved in your decision making process. Any information and commentaries provided on the Website are not meant to be an endorsement or offering of any stock or investment advice.

    Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product, process, equipment or formulation, in conflict with any patent, or otherwise and Facilities Provider / ABCL/ABC Companies makes no representation or warranty, express or implied that, the use thereof will not infringe any patent, or otherwise. Information on this Website sourced from experts or third party service providers, which may also include reference to any ABCL Affiliate. However, any such information shall not be construed to represent that they belong or represent or are endorsed by the views of the Facilities Provider or ABC Companies. Any information provided or sourced from ABCL Affiliate belongs to them. ABCL is an independent entity and such information from any ABCL Affiliate are not in any manner intended or to be construed as being endorsed by ABCL or Facilities Provider. The information does not constitute investment or financial advice or advice to buy or sell, or to endorse or solicitation to buy or sell any securities or other financial instrument for any reason whatsoever. Nothing on the Website or information is intended to constitute legal, tax or investment advice, or an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment or a solicitation of any type. Investment in the securities market and any financial instruments are inherently risky and you shall always assume complete and full responsibility for the outcomes of all the financial or investment decisions that you make, including but not limited to loss of capital. You are therefore advised to obtain your own applicable legal, accounting, tax or other professional advice or facilities before taking or considering an investment or financial decision.

    No Solicitation

    No Information at this Website shall constitute an invitation to invest in ABCL or any ABC Companies. These are meant for general information only or to meet statutory requirements or disclosures. ABCL or any of its employees are in no way liable for the use of the information by you, when making any decision or investing or trading through any investment vehicles or ABC Companies, or any other third party which may be engaged in offering of these services.

    The information contained on this Website does not represent and should not be used to construe (i) the terms on which a new transaction would be entered into by ABCL or ABC Companies, (ii) the terms on which any existing transactions could be unwound by ABCL or ABC Companies, (iii) the calculation or estimate of an  amount that would be payable following an early termination of any past/existing transactions or (iv) the valuations given to any transactions by ABCL or ABC Companies in their books of account for financial reporting, credit or risk management purposes.

    Statutory Disclosure

    ABCL and ABC Companies are engaged in a broad spectrum of activities in the financial services sectors. You understand and acknowledge that Aditya Birla Money Limited (‘ABML’), Aditya Birla Finance Limited (‘ABFL’) and Aditya Birla Sun Life Asset Management Company Limited and trustees and sponsor of Aditya Birla Sun Life Mutual Fund (‘ABSLMF’) are group companies and ABML / ABFL also acts as a distributor of ABSLMF.  Any recommendation or reference of schemes of ABSLMF if any made or referred on the Website, the same is based on the standard evaluation and selection process, which would apply uniformly for all mutual fund schemes. You are free to choose the execution facilities in the manner deemed fit and proper and no commission will be paid by ABSLMF to ABML / ABFL if you choose to execute a transaction with ABSLMF on the Website, unless otherwise agreed by you and ABML/ABFL separately. Information about ABML/ABFL, its businesses and the details of commission structure receivable from asset management companies to ABML/ABFL, are also available on their respective Website.

    Similarly Aditya Birla Money Insurance Advisory Services Limited and Aditya Birla Insurance Brokers Limited are insurance intermediaries and engaged in the distribution of Insurance Products and it may services may include products of Aditya Birla Sun Life Insurance Company Limited and Aditya Birla Health Insurance Company Limited. However there is no conflict on these services and commissions if any payable are in accordance of the extant regulations.

    Force Majeure

    The Facilities Provider, ABC Companies and any of its Third Party Service Providers shall not be liable for any delay or failure in performance resulting directly or indirectly from acts of nature, forces, or causes beyond their reasonable control, including, without limitation, Internet failures, computer equipment failures, telecommunication equipment failures, other equipment failures, electrical power failures, strikes, virus, other malicious computer code, hacking, labour disputes, riots, insurrections, civil disturbances, shortages of labour or materials, fires, flood, storms, explosions, acts of God, war, earthquake, governmental actions, orders of domestic or foreign courts or tribunals, non-performance of third parties, or loss of or fluctuations in heat, light, or air conditioning.

    Indemnification

    You agree to protect and fully compensate Facilities Provider, ABCL, ABC Companies, subsidiaries, licensors, suppliers and facilities providers, employees, officers and directors, from any and all third party claims, liability, damages, expenses and costs (including but not limited to reasonable attorneys fees) caused by or arising from your use of the facilities, your violation of the Terms of Use or your infringement, or infringement by any other user of your account, of any intellectual property or other right of anyone.

    No Waiver

    The Facilities Provider, ABC Companies or any of its third party service providers and processor bank/merchants etc. shall not be deemed to have waived any of its/their rights or remedies hereunder, unless such waiver is in writing. No delay or omission on the part of Facilities Providers and ABC Companies, in exercising any rights or remedies shall operate as a waiver of such rights or remedies or any other rights or remedies. A waiver on any one occasion shall not be construed as a bar or waiver of any rights or remedies on future occasions.

    Exclusive Agreement

    You agree that these Terms of Use are the complete and exclusive statement of agreement supersede any proposal or prior agreement, oral or written, and any other communications between you and the Facilities Provider and its Third Party Service Providers or processor bank/merchants relating to the subject matter of these Terms of Use. These Terms of Use, as the same may be amended from time to time, will prevail over any subsequent oral communications between you and the Website and/or the processor bank.

    Termination

    Either party can terminate this Agreement by notifying the other party in writing. Upon such termination You will not be able to use the facilities of this Website.

    Governing Law and Jurisdiction

    The Website specifically prohibits you from usage of any of its facilities in any countries or jurisdictions that do not corroborate to all stipulations of these Terms of Use. The Website is specifically for users in the territory of India. In case of any dispute, either judicial or quasi-judicial, the same will be subject to the laws of India, with the courts in Mumbai having exclusive jurisdiction.

    These Terms and Conditions are governed by and to be interpreted in accordance with laws of India, without regard to the choice or conflicts of law provisions of any jurisdiction. You agree, in the event of any dispute arising in relation to these Terms and Conditions or any dispute arising in relation to the Website whether in contract or tort or otherwise, to submit to the jurisdiction of the courts located at Mumbai, India for the resolution of all such disputes.

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